I'm teaching the Sherlock Holmes and adaptation seminar again this year, and we've now moved past selected Doyle stories and an example of Rathbone/Bruce into the core of the semester--works which engage not just with Doyle, but with the tradition of adaptation itself. Four works specifically, each paired: Michael Dibdin's The Last Sherlock Holmes Story and Charles Marowitz's black comedy Sherlock's Last Case, on the one hand, and Michael Chabon's The Final Solution and Mitch Cullin's A Slight Trick of the Mind, on the other. (There are several other works on the menu too: more film and TV, chunks of Newman's Moriarty parody, some short stories and mashups.) Dibdin, Chabon, and Cullin all respond to the nationalist/imperialist Holmes who emerged during the era of the WWII propaganda films, in which Holmes and Watson save not just the day, but the world from villains far more threatening than even Moriarty. Even the Rathbone/Bruce Hound of the Baskervilles ends with Mortimer (rather aged up) proclaiming that "We've admired you in the past, as does every Englishman. Your record as our greatest detective is known throughout the world, but this, seeing how you work, knowing that there is in England such a man as you, it gives us all a sense of safety and security. God bless you, Mr. Holmes." Holmes-the-Protector-of-All-Things-English was apparently not undermined by the infamous "Watson, the needle!" that ends the film, but it is precisely this attempt to position Holmes as a combination national hero and moral bulwark that Dibdin takes on: after all, his Watson covers up for the insane Holmes' somewhat, er, inconvenient alter ego (see below the fold, for those who haven't come across this novel) because of the "danger to the moral fibre of the entire nation" (165), among other things, if Holmes' true nature is revealed. In Watson's rather self-serving reasoning, Holmes can ultimately only continue to embody English rectitude by being killed off (literally) into fiction; that his subsequent resurrection by Arthur Conan Doyle is, of course, due to cash flow problems instead of high-falutin' values suggests the irony at work. Marowitz's play, far more brutal, casts a similarly jaundiced eye on what my students called "Superman Holmes," but here, it is Watson driven mad by Holmes' sheer egotistical cruelty. This is a Nigel Bruce version of Watson, forever consigned to comic second banana, whose concealed rage eludes both Holmes and the viewer; translated into an actual comedy, the "humorous" character becomes all too aware that the Rathbone/Bruce relationship dynamics look rather sadistic than otherwise. The implications of "Watson, the needle!" come back in the tea-making scene that opens the play, in which Holmes coolly orders Watson about like his own personal servant.
Chabon and Cullin, by contrast, are more melancholy than murderous. Perhaps it helps that they are post-Brett, as well as post-Rathbone; moreover, neither Holmes has a Watson who exists in anything other than memory, although Chabon's gets a somewhat incompetent substitute. These ancient Holmeses are transplanted to the WWII and immediately post-WWII eras, where, contra the propaganda films, they prove to be at best, partly helpful; at worst, useless. Faced with terrifying enormities (the Holocaust) or motiveless killings, neither Holmes can supply the comforts offered by Doyle's endings, let alone the heroics of propaganda narrative. Strikingly, Chabon's Holmes is recognizable--like the dead Dorian Gray--primarily because of the accumulated artifacts associated with him, like the magnifying glass; his legendary self has reduced down into a collection of signifying curiosities that say "Sherlock Holmes," even when Holmes can no longer be fully himself. In Chabon's novel, Holmes himself seeks a kind of emotional satisfaction from solving the problem of the missing parrot that, ultimately, is detached from a tragedy he cannot even perceive, let alone understand. The pleasures there are local, not national. Cullin's novel is even more explicit that the sense of safety on offer from Sherlock Holmes stories is, in the end, an artifact of their status as stories; what happens when a crime turns out not to be one, and cannot be resolved in a traditional Holmes plot?